Traqueotomía percutánea guiada por ultrasonografía en tiempo real. Revisión de la literatura / Literature Review. Real-time ultrasonography-guided percutaneous tracheotomy

La traqueotomía percutánea por dilatación es un procedimiento que se realiza en las unidades de paciente crítico, implica la disección roma de los tejidos pretraqueales, seguida de la dilatación de la tráquea sobre la guía y la inserción de la cánula traqueal mediante la técnica de Seldinger. En las últimas décadas, la evidencia sugiere que, en manos de médicos capacitados, es al menos tan segura como la traqueotomía quirúrgica, con similar incidencia de complicaciones. La selección adecuada de pacientes y el uso de herramientas de seguridad complementarias, como broncoscopio o ultrasonido, disminuyen las tasas de falla y complicaciones. Siendo contraindicaciones absolutas para traqueotomía percutánea por dilatación una anatomía anormal, tumor maligno en el sitio de traqueostomía, coagulopatías o vía aérea difícil. La guía mediante broncoscopia permite la evaluación de la profundidad del tubo endotraqueal, confirma la posición de la aguja en el eje de la tráquea y la adecuada inserción del cable guía y dilatador. Entre sus desventajas destacan que, el sitio de punción está sujeto a sesgo y no puede guiar con precisión la aguja en la penetración de la tráquea. La traqueotomía percutánea guiada por ultrasonido es una alternativa validada en unidades, donde no se cuente con broncoscopia. Es un método rápido, seguro, que permite la identificación de estructuras anatómicas, vasculatura cervical, permite identificar el sitio de la punción y guía la inserción de la aguja en la tráquea. Esta técnica presenta altas tasas de éxito al primer intento, reduciendo significativamente el número de punciones.

Percutaneous dilation tracheostomy is a procedure performed in critical patient units. It involves blunt dissection of the pretracheal tissues followed by dilation of the trachea over the guidewire and insertion of the tracheal cannula using the Seldinger technique. In recent decades, evidence suggests that in the hands of trained physicians it is at least as safe as surgical tracheostomy, with a similar incidence of complications. The proper selection of patients and the use of complementary safety tools such as bronchoscope or ultrasound reduce failure rates and complications. Being absolute contraindications for PDT abnormal anatomy, malignant tumor at the tracheostomy site, coagulopathies, or difficult to treat airway. Bronchoscopy guidance allows evaluation of the depth of the endotracheal tube, confirms the position of the needle in the axis of the trachea and the proper insertion of the guide wire and dilator. Among its disadvantages are that the puncture site is subject to slant and cannot accurately guide the needle into the trachea. In addition, it requires Critical Patient Units with bronchoscope and trained personnel. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheotomy is a validated alternative in units where bronchoscopy is not available. It is a fast, safe method that allows the identification of anatomical structures, cervical vasculature, identifies the puncture site and guides the insertion of the needle into the trachea. With high first-attempt success rates, significantly reducing the number of punctures.

Comparison of natural ostiodilatation and endoscopic sinus surgery in the same patient with chronic sinusitis / Comparação entre a dilatação do óstio natural e a cirurgia endoscópica nasossinusal no mesmo paciente com sinusite crônica

Abstract Introduction Chronic rhinosinusitis is a broad clinical syndrome characterized by mucosal inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses. In order for the paranasal sinuses to maintain their physiological functions; the ostiomeatal complex drainage pathways must be open. Surgical procedures are an important treatment option in patients who do not respond adequately to medical treatment. Although the methods and instruments used in functional endoscopic sinus surgery have continued to improve in recent years, the scar tissue formed during operation disrupts the drainage of the sinuses and reduces postoperative success. The natural ostiodilatation method, which is performed by balloon sinoplasty method, has become more and more popular in recent years. Objectives To compare the technique of balloon sinoplasty with the classical functional endoscopic sinus surgery method by considering the severity of chronic sinusitis on the same patient. Methods Total of 61 chronic sinusitis patients was included in the study. Paranasal sinus tomography of the patients was taken and according to the Lund-Mackay scoring, chronic sinusitis levels were determined. Cases were divided into two groups: Group 1 (severe chronic sinusitis group) and Group 2 (mild chronic sinusitis). Results There was no statistically significant difference in the results of comparison of sinuses which underwent balloon sinoplasty and classical functional endoscopic sinus surgery in Group 2 after Lund-Mackay scores. However in Group 1, the results of the comparison of postoperative Lund-Mackay scores of the balloon sinoplasty and the classical endoscopic operation were statistically significantly lower than those of the face half operated with the classical functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Conclusion The success of balloon sinoplasty in patients with mild sinusitis is the same as in classic functional endoscopic sinus surgery. However, as the severity of sinusitis increases, the efficacy of balloon sinoplasty decreases.

Resumo Introdução A rinossinusite crônica é uma síndrome clínica ampla, caracterizada por inflamação da mucosa nasal e seios paranasais. Para que os seios paranasais mantenham suas funções fisiológicas, as vias de drenagem do complexo ostiomeatal devem estar abertas. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos são uma importante opção de tratamento em pacientes que não respondem adequadamente ao tratamento clínico. Embora os métodos e instrumentos utilizados na cirurgia endoscópica funcional dos seios paranasais tenham melhorado continuamente, o tecido cicatricial formado durante a cirurgia interrompe a drenagem dos seios nasais e reduz o sucesso pós-operatório. O método natural de dilatação ostial, que é aplicado por meio da técnica de sinuplastia com balão, tem se tornado cada vez mais popular nos últimos anos. Objetivos Comparar a técnica de sinuplastia com balão com o método convencional de cirurgia endoscópica, no mesmo paciente, considerando a gravidade da rinossinusite crônica. Método Foram incluídos no estudo 61 pacientes com rinossinusite crônica. Por meio de tomografia dos seios paranasais e de acordo a escala de Lund-Mackay foram determinados os graus da rinossinusite crônica. Os casos foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (grupo com rinossinusite crônica grave) e Grupo 2 (rinossinusite crônica leve). Resultados No Grupo 2 não houve diferença estatisticamente significante, segundo a escala de Lund-Mackay, no resultado da comparação dos seios paranasais nos quais foram realizadas a sinuplastia com balão e por cirurgia endoscópica convencional. No entanto, no Grupo 1, os resultados da comparação dos escores pós-operatórios de Lund-Mackay mostraram-se estatística e significativamente melhores naqueles submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica funcional dos seios paranasais. Conclusão O sucesso da sinuplastia com balão em pacientes com rinossinusite leve é o mesmo da cirurgia endoscópica funcional dos seios da face tradicional. No entanto, à medida que a gravidade da rinossinusite aumenta, a eficácia da sinuplastia com balão diminui.

Predictors of difficulty in bedside percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: pilot study / Preditores de dificuldade em traqueostomia percutânea à beira do leito: estudo piloto

ABSTRACT Introduction: percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy is currently one of the main procedures performed in an intensive care unit (ICU). However, there are no well-defined indicators of technical difficulty in performing the procedure. Objectives: to define predictors of difficulty in performing bedside percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. Methodology: prospective cohort study encompassing 21 patients who underwent bedside percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the ICU at a single center. Results: Sternohyoid (SH) distance shorter than 7 cm is associated with a 50% increase in the risk of technical difficulty (OR 0.44 and p <0.03). Conclusion: the reduction in (SH) distance is related to an increased risk of difficulty in performing percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the ICU bed.

RESUMO Introdução: a traqueostomia percutânea é hoje um dos principais procedimentos realizados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Não há, contudo, indicadores bem definidos de dificuldade técnica na realização do procedimento. Objetivos: definir preditores de dificuldade para realização de traqueostomia percutânea. Metodologia: estudo de coorte prospectivo no qual foram incluídos 21 pacientes submetidos a traqueostomia percutânea à beira leito, na UTI, em um único centro. Resultados: distância EH menor que 7 cm está associada a aumento de 50% na chance de dificuldade técnica (OR 0,44 e p<0,03). Conclusão: a redução da distância EH está relacionada com aumento do risco de dificuldade em realizar a traqueostomia percutânea à beira do leito, em UTI.

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis in a patient with food bolus impaction / Pseudodiverticulosis intramural esofágica en un paciente con impactación de bolo alimentario

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis is an uncommon esophageal benign disease. The typical finding during endoscopy is the presence of numerous pinhead-sized outpouchings along the esophageal wall. We reported a case of food bolus impaction secondary to esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis. A 67-year-old man presented with sudden-onset dysphagia. Multiple tiny orifices were revealed during upper endoscopy. In addition, there were an impacted food bolus and an esophageal web. The patient was treated with balloon dilatation and proton pump inhibitors. As a result the symptoms disappeared completely. Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis is a rare cause of food bolus impaction and its treatment is directed towards the underlying associated conditions as well as the resolution of complications.

La pseudodiverticulosis intramural esofágica es una enfermedad benigna del esófago poco común. El hallazgo típico durante la endoscopia es la presencia de numerosos sáculos del tamaño de una cabeza de alfiler a lo largo de la pared esofágica. Reportamos un caso de impactación de bolo alimentario secundario a pseudodiverticulosis esofágica intramural. Un hombre de 67 años presentó disfagia de aparición repentina. Se encontraron múltiples orificios pequeños en la endoscopia superior. Además, hubo un bolo alimentario impactado y una red esofágica. El paciente fue tratado con dilatación con balón e inhibidores de la bomba de protones. Como resultado, los síntomas desaparecieron por completo. La pseudodiverticulosis intramural esofágica es una causa rara de impactación del bolo alimentario y su tratamiento se dirige a las condiciones asociadas subyacentes, así como a la resolución de complicaciones.

Tratamento das estenoses esofágicas benignas simples com dilatadores de Savary-Gilliard: ainda é necessária a regra de três? / Treating simple benign esophageal strictures with savary-gilliard dilators: is the rule of three still necessary?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Bougies dilation is considered an effective technique for the treatment of simple benign esophageal strictures. The "rule of three" has been advocated to prevent reported adverse events such as bleeding and perforation. However, adherence to this rule has increased the cost and duration of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the safety and long-term benefits of progressive bougie dilations until reaching 15 mm (45Fr) in one single session endoscopy with non-adherence to the rule of three. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected data of patients with simple benign esophageal strictures treated with multiple progressive bougie dilators until reaching 15 mm (45Fr) in one single session. RESULTS: The median age was 58 years (range 28-89), and 83.3% of patients were female. The main presenting symptom was dysphagia for solids in 11/12 cases (91.6%). The cause of their simple benign esophageal stricture was distributed as follows: 7/12 esophageal webs, 2/12 peptic stenosis, 2/12 Schatzki rings and one caustic injury. 75% required only one session for clinical success. No serious adverse events were described. No recurrence of symptoms was noted in a median follow-up of 20 months. CONCLUSION: The rule of three in patients with simple benign esophageal strictures secondary to esophageal webs, Schatzki rings and peptic strictures treated with Savary-Gilliard dilators is not necessary, showing good clinical results. Prospective studies with more patients are necessary.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A dilatação por velas é considerada uma técnica eficaz para o tratamento de estenoses esofágicas benignas simples. A "regra de três" tem sido defendida para prevenir eventos adversos relatados, como sangramento e perfuração. No entanto, a adesão a esta regra aumentou o custo e a duração do tratamento. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a segurança e os benefícios de longo prazo das dilatações progressivas por velas até chegar a 15 mm (45Fr) em uma única sessão de endoscopia com não adesão à regra de três. MÉTODOS: Uma análise retrospectiva de dados coletados prospectivamente de pacientes com estenoses esofágicas benignas simples tratadas com múltiplos dilatadores de velas progressivas até atingir 15 mm (45Fr) em uma única sessão. RESULTADOS: A mediana de idade foi de 58 anos (variação de 28-89) e 83,3% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. O principal sintoma de apresentação foi a disfagia para sólidos em 11/12 casos (91,6%). A causa da estenose esofágica benigna simples foi distribuída como segue: 7/12 membranas esofágicas, 2/12 estenose péptica, 2/12 anéis de Schatzki e um ferimento cáustico. 75% necessitaram apenas de uma sessão para o sucesso clínico. Não foram descritos eventos adversos graves. Nenhum retorno dos sintomas foi anotado em uma continuação mediana de 20 meses. CONCLUSÃO: A regra de três em pacientes com as estenoses esofágicas benignas simples secundárias às membranas esofágicas, os anéis de Schatzki e as estenoses péptica tratadas com os dilatadores de Savary-Gilliard não é necessária, mostrando bons resultados clínicos. Estudos prospectivos com mais pacientes são necessários.

Transnasal Esophagoscopy-Our Experience

Abstract Introduction Transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) is a widely used tool both in the diagnosis and treatment of patients presenting complaints within the head and the neck. This is because this investigative adjunct examination provides the advantage of visualizing above the level of the cricopharyngeus muscle when compared to the more widely used esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Objectives We have assessed if the implementation of TNE within a district general hospital (DGH) was feasible, and investigated if the resources of our patients could be better directed away from other investigations such as barium swallow and EGD in favor of this novel technique. The TNE technique has been largely applied in central teaching hospitals within the United Kingdom, but there are still no published reports of a DGH investigating its applicability in this smaller-sized clinical environment. Method We have analyzed our theater database to find all the patients who had undergone TNE, and recorded their reason for presenting, the preceding investigations, and the procedural findings. Results Inmost cases, the TNEwas conducted without technical issues, and we were able to identify positive findings in 43% of the patients who underwent Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).Wewere able to treat patients successfully during the investigationwhen a cricopharyngeal stricture or narrowing was found. A normal EGD did not preclude further investigations with TNE. All but one of our patients were treated as day-case procedures. Conclusion Transnasal esophagoscopy can be successfully delivered within a DGH. A previous EGD does not mean that the TNE will not reveal positive findings due to its superior visualization of the pharynx and the upper esophagus. (AU)

Dilatación endoscópica en paciente con acalasia durante el embarazo: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Endoscopic dilatation in a patient with achalasia during pregnancy: case report and review of the literature

La acalasia en el embarazo es una condición infrecuente, pobremente conocida y su manejo no esta claramente definido. Las repercusiones sobre el estado nutricional de los pacientes con esta entidad son graves y en una gestante tienen implicaciones serias para el curso de la gestación, con riesgo elevado de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, parto pretérmino e incluso pérdida fetal; existen síntomas que pueden confundirse con hiperémesis gravídica retrasando el diagnóstico. Dentro de las opciones terapéuticas está el manejo médico, endoscópico e intervenciones quirúrgicas; para decidir cual es tratamiento adecuado se debe tener en cuenta la severidad, edad gestacional y condicien clasificaci de teratogenicidad conocido siendo su uso bienestar del binomioones del paciente, dentro del espectro mencionado en el manejo se incluyen los calcioantagonistas y nitratos, estos con restricciones en el embarazo, además toxina botulínica, dilatación neumática endoscópica, miotomía laparoscópica de Heller y recientemente el POEM; estas últimas con riesgo elevado de complicaciones. En el embarazo existe poca evidencia en la literatura y alrededor de 40 casos reportados, algunos con complicaciones como perdida fetal y muerte materna. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia de una mujer de 26 años de edad con diagnóstico de acalasia tipo 2 de novo durante el primer trimestre de gestación, cuadro clínico de disfagia severa asociado a desnutrición, a quien el manejo oportuno con soporte nutricional enteral con sonda nasogástrica para lograr repleción del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y luego de esto manejo endoscópico con dilatación con balón. Permitió llevar con éxito a término la gestación sin efectos adversos sobre la madre o el feto, con evolución adecuada y tolerancia a vía oral sin disfagia. Consideramos que es importante el soporte nutricional previo a la toma de conducta con este tipo paciente, además que el manejo endoscópico con dilatación puede ser seguro y efectivo a mediano plazo para el manejo de acalasia en embarazo.

Achalasia in pregnancy is an infrequent, poorly understood condition and its treatment is not clearly defined. The repercussions on the patients nutritional status are serious and in a pregnant woman have serious implications for the course of gestation, with high risk of intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery and even fetal loss; there are symptoms that can be confused with hyperemesis gravidarum delaying the diagnosis. The therapeutic options are medical treatment, endoscopic and surgical interventions; to decide what is the best treatment, we should be taken into account the severity, gestational age and patient conditions. Within the spectrum mentioned in the management include calcium antagonists and nitrates, however these have restrictions in pregnancy, another options are botulinum toxin, endoscopic pneumatic dilation, laparoscopic Heller myotomy and recently POEM. In pregnancy there is a few evidence in the literature and in this moment there are about 40 reported cases, some with complications such as fetal loss and maternal death. We present our experience at the San Ignacio University Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, with a 26-year-old woman with a novo diagnosis of achalasia type II during the first trimester of pregnancy, with a clinical history of severe dysphagia associated with malnutrition. She was management with enteral nutrition support with nasogastric tube to achieve repletion of the body mass index (BMI) and after that, she had a endoscopic management with Rigiflex balloon dilation. It allowed to successfully carry out pregnancy without adverse effects on the mother or the fetus, with adequate evolution and oral tolerance without dysphagia. We consider that nutritional support is important prior to taking a desicion with this type of patient, in addition that endoscopic management with balloon dilation can be safe and effective for the management of achalasia in pregnancy.

Assessment of ultrasound flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery in regular blood donors in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital

Background: Iron is a pro-oxidant cofactor that may be linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression and reduction of body iron stores have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of CV disease. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess reduction in CVD risk susceptibility among regular blood donors compared with nondonors using ultrasound brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD). Settings and Design: A prospective comparative study designed to establish the difference between mean flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in the patients who are regular blood donors compared with nondonors recruited from a Teaching Hospital donor clinic. Materials and Methods: Data were collected over 7 months from December 2014 to June 2015. 100 eligible regular male blood donors, aged 21­50 years, were selected from a Teaching Hospital blood donor records and their BAFMD assessed. 50 nondonors/ first time donors, of equivalent age group, consecutively were assessed for comparison. Serum markers of iron stores, markers of oxidative stress and other related cardiac risk factors were also assessed in all patients. Results: BAFMD was significantly greater in regular blood donors when compared with nondonors (13.95% ± 7.02% vs. 8.20% ± 4.19%, P = 0.000). Serum ferritin was significantly decreased in regular blood donors when compared with nondonors (mean value 41.92 ng/ml ± 23.12 ng/ml vs. 61.97 ± 30.19 ng/ml, P = 0.000), but Hb did not differ between the groups. High FMD was significantly associated with high C-high-density lipoprotein and low C-LDL (r = −0.215*, P = 0.032, r = 0.188, P = 0.031, r = 0.193, P = 0.027, r = 0.0279, P = 0.002, r = 0.139, P = 0.084). LDL was decreased in regular blood donors compared with nondonors. Conclusion: The study provides prognostic information for assessing ultrasound BAFMD as a cardiac risk marker. Regular blood donors have enhanced cardiovascular function with increased flow-mediated dilation, decreased body iron stores, and decreased oxidative stress compared with nondonors

Complicaciones durante la esofagoscopía con o sin dilatación con globo y con anestesia general en pacientes pediátricos: estudio prospectivo y observacional / Complications during esophageal endoscopy with or without baloon dilation under general anesthesia in pediatric patients: a prospective and observational study

Antecedentes. Durante una esofagoscopía en niños, pueden ocurrir complicaciones durante la dilatación. Identificamos alteraciones cardiorrespiratorias durante la esofagoscopía con o sin dilatación con globo y las complicaciones posoperatorias, en niños con anestesia. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo, observacional de procedimientos endoscópicos en niños de 0-16 años. Se dividieron en dos grupos: con endoscopía-dilatación (Grupo ED) y dilatación con globo por estenosis esofágica, y con endoscopía sin dilatación (Grupo E): endoscopía diagnóstica, esofagoscopía de control o escleroterapia. Registramos parámetros hemodinámicos y ventilatorios y las complicaciones durante la endoscopía, la dilatación y el seguimiento de dos horas en la sala de recuperación. Resultados. Incluimos 102 procedimientos en 60 pacientes. La presión inspiratoria máxima (PIM) aumentó significativamente en ambos grupos (p < 0,001) y aumentó significativamente durante el procedimiento en el grupo ED (p < 0,001). La diferencia en la PIM antes y después de la endoscopía se correlacionó negativamente en ambos grupos. Al subdividir los grupos según el punto de corte de 2 años para comparar la diferencia en la PIM antes y después de la endoscopía, la PIM aumentó de manera estadísticamente significativa en ambos grupos en los menores de 2 años. En el grupo ED, la frecuencia cardíaca aumentó estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Conclusión. Durante la endoscopía, la PIM aumentó en niños con o sin dilatación con globo, especialmente en el grupo ED, y fue mayor en los niños más pequeños. Es necesario observar y tratar atentamente las complicaciones cardiorrespiratorias graves durante la dilatación con globo y con anestesia general.

Background. Complications can occur during esophagoscopy as a result of applied procedure in children, especially during dilation techic. Our aim was to identify cardio-respiratory alterations during esophagoscopy with or without baloon dilation under anesthesia in children, and to investigate the postoperative complications. Methods. Prospective, observational study of endoscopic procedures in patients 0-16 years. The patients were divided into two groups: the endoscopy-dilation group (Group ED: endoscopy and balloon dilation due to esophageal stricture) and endoscopy without dilation (Group E: endoscopy for diagnostic reasons, control esophagoscopy or sclerotherapy). Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters alterations and complications during endoscopy, dilation and two-hours follow-up time in the postoperative recovery room were recorded. Results. 102 procedures in 60 patients were included. Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) values significantly increased after endoscopy in both groups (p<0.001). There was a significant increase in mean PIP values in the dilation group during the procedure (p<0,001). The difference in PIP values before and after the endoscopy was negatively correlated with age in both groups. When the groups were subdivided taking two years of age as a cut-off point in comparing PIP difference before-after endoscopy, PIP increase was statistically significant in both groups under two-years old. In the dilation group, statistically significant increase of HR was detected during the procedure (p<0,001). Conclusion. During endoscopy PIP increased in patients with or without baloon dilation especially in the dilation group. PIP increase was higher in younger children. Severe respiratory and cardiovascular complications during balloon dilation under general anesthesia should be carefully observed and managed.

Terapéutica endoscópica mediante dilataciones en estenosis esofágicas benignas / Endoscopic therapy through dilatation of benign esophageal stenosis

Introducción: Las dilataciones endoscópicas constituyen la primera opción terapéutica para eliminar las estenosis esofágicas benignas y mejorar los síntomas y la calidad de vida de los pacientes que las presentan. Objetivo: Describir los resultados de las dilataciones endoscópicas en pacientes con estenosis esofágicas benignas, atendidos en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, durante enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2016. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional longitudinal de serie de casos, en 59 pacientes con estenosis esofágicas benignas. Las dilataciones se efectuaron con Bujías de Savary-Gilliard y balones. Resultados: La edad media fue de 52,5 años, predominaron los hombres con 37 (62,7 por ciento) pacientes. Las etiologías más frecuentes fueron la postquirúrgicas, pépticas y caústicas con 25, 14 y 6 casos respectivamente. Predominaron las estenosis cortas en 51 casos. En 48 pacientes se utilizaron bujías, con un total de 149 dilataciones, con una media de 3,1 dilataciones/pacientes, 47,5 por ciento corrigió la estenosis con 1-3 sesiones; 11 casos se dilataron con balón, con una media de 1,3 dilataciones/pacientes. En el grupo de los dilatados con Bujías de Savary-Guilliard, 4 pacientes mostraron refractariedad y ocurrieron una perforación y 2 sangrados. Posterior a las dilataciones, en 93,2 por ciento de los pacientes, mejoró o desapareció la disfagia. Conclusiones: La terapéutica endoscópica mediante dilataciones en las estenosis esofágicas benignas demostró ser una buena alternativa, al lograr su corrección con pocas sesiones de dilataciones, bajo número de complicaciones y mejoría de la disfagia(AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic dilatation is the first therapeutic option to eliminate benign esophageal stenosis and improve the symptoms and the quality of life of those patients who suffer from it. Objective:To describe the results of endoscopic dilatation in patients with benign esophageal stenosis treated in the National Center for Endoscopic Surgery from January 2015 to December 2016. Material and Methods:A case series longitudinal observational study was conducted in 59 patients with benign esophageal stenosis. Dilatations were done with Savary-Gilliard bougie and balloons. Results:The mean age was 52,5 years, and the condition predominated in 37 male patients (62,7 percent). Post-surgical, peptic, and caustic were the most frequent etiologies with 25, 14, and 6 cases, respectively. Short stenosis predominated in 51 cases. Bougies were used in 48 patients for a total of 149 dilatations, corresponding to a mean of 3,1 dilatations/ patients. Correction of the stenosis was made in 1-3 sessions in 47 percent of patients; 11 cases were dilated with balloon, corresponding to a mean of 1- 3 dilatations/ patients. Four patients from the group that were dilated with Savary-Gilliard bougies showed refractoriness. A perforation, and two bleedings occurred. After the dilatations, dysphagia improved or disappeared in 93,2 percent of patients. Conclusions:Endoscopic therapy through dilatation of benign esophageal stenosis indicated to be a good alternative method in achieving corrections in a few dilatation sessions, with a low number of complications, and an improvement of the dysphagia(AU)

Laparoscopic single port cystolithotomy using pneumovesicum

ABSTRACT Purpose: Currently, several modalities are used to manage bladder stones. We report laparoscopic single port cystolithotomy using stone basket via pneumovesicum method.

Dilatación con balón de gran diámetro en el manejo de coledocolitiasis de difícil extracción: experiencia clínica / Large balloon dilation for removal of choledocholithiasis difficult to extract: clinical experience

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia clínica con la técnica de dilatación de la esfinterotomía papilar con balones de gran diámetro en pacientes con coledocolitiasis de difícil extracción. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, diseño descriptivo. Serie de Casos. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 18 pacientes que fueron sometidos a colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica (CPRE) más dilatación papilar con balón de gran diámetro (DPBGD) por presentar coledocolitiasis de gran tamaño (≥15 mm), desproporción de diámetro entre cálculo y colédoco distal y/o papila yuxtadiverticular. Se emplearon balones dilatadores CRETM entre 12 y 20mm de diámetro. Se consignaron datos como éxito del procedimiento, uso de litotricia; así como complicaciones durante el procedimiento. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 66,1 años. Hubo predominio del género femenino (66,7%). El tamaño promedio de los cálculos en vía biliar fue de 16,7 mm. Las indicaciones de DPBGD fueron: coledocolitiasis gigante (12 pacientes, 66,7%), discordancia entre el diámetro del cálculo y el colédoco distal (6 pacientes, 33,3%). El diámetro de los balones de dilatación más frecuentemente empleados fueron: 15 mm (8 pacientes, 44,4%), 18 mm (5 pacientes, 27,8%), 12 mm (3 pacientes, 16,7%) y 20 mm (2 pacientes, 11,1%). Se consiguió la extracción completa de los cálculos en 15 pacientes (83,3%). Se precisó litotricia en 4 pacientes (22,2%). Hubo 3 pacientes en los que la extracción con balón fue frustra, realizándose manejo quirúrgico. Se reportó 1 caso de pancreatitis aguda leve (5,5%). Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran que la dilatación con balón es una alternativa segura y eficaz en el manejo de los cálculos en vía biliar de difícil extracción

Objective: The aim of this study was to report the initial experience of the combined use of biliary sphincterotomy plus balloon dilatation of the papilla for management of large stones. Materials and methods: Design: Retrospective, descriptive. This study included 18 patients in whom a hydrostatic dilatation of the papilla with large balloons was performed between June 2012 and April 2014. Patients had multiple large stones, tapered distal common bile duct, previous sphincterotomy, or peri/ intradiverticular papilla. CRE™ dilatation balloons with diameters ranging from 12 to 20 mm were used. Data were recorded as successful procedure, use of lithotripsy and complications during the procedure. Results: The average age was 66.1 years. There was a predominance of the female gender (66.7%). The average size of the bile duct stones was 16.7 mm. The main indications were: giant choledocholithiasis (12 patients, 66.7%) and tapered distal common bile duct (6 patients, 33.3%). The dilatation balloons diameter used were: 15 mm (8 patients, 44.4%), 18 mm (5 patients, 27.8%), 12 mm (3 patients, 16.7%) and 20 mm (2 patients, 11.1%). Complete stone clearance was achieved in 15 patients (83.3%). Lithotripsy was performed in 4 patients (22.2%). There were 3 patients in whom the removal with balloon was unsuccessful, performed surgical management. It was reported 1 case of mild acute pancreatitis (5.5%). Conclusions: The results show that endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation after sphincterotomy is a safe and effective technique for treatment of difficult bile duct stones

The long-term results of temporary urethral stent placement for the treatment of recurrent bulbar urethral stricture disease

ABSTRACT Aim: To evaluate the long term outcomes of temporary urethral stent placement for the treatment of recurrent bulbar urethral stricture. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients who underwent temporary polymer coated urethral stent placement due to recurrent bulbar urethral stricture between 2010 and 2014 were enrolled in the study. The long term outcomes of the patients were analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.3±6.4 (44–81). The overall clinical success was achieved in 18 (64.2%) of the 28 patients at a median (range) follow-up of 29 (7–46) months. No patient reported discomfort at the stent site. Stone formation was observed at the urethral stent implantation area only in one patient. Stenosis occurred in the distal end of the stents in two patients and took place in bulbar urethra in seven patients after removed the stents. The mean maximum urine flow rates were 6.24±2.81mL/sec and 19.12±4.31mL/sec before and at 3 months after the procedure, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, the success rate of temporary urethral stent placement has remained at 64.2% at a median follow-up of 29 months. Therefore, our outcomes have not achieved desired success rate for the standard treatment of recurrent bulbar urethral stricture.

Use and outcomes of amplatz renal dilator for treatment of urethral strictures

ABSTRACT Introduction Urethral stricture disease is still a major problem in men. Many procedures are available for the treatment of urethral strictures; urethral dilatation is one of the oldest. The blind dilatation of urethral strictures may be a difficult and potentially dangerous procedure. The purpose of this study was to describe safe urethral dilatation using amplatz renal dilator and to report outcomes. Materials and Methods From 2010 to 2014, a total of 26 men with primary urethral strictures were managed by urethral dilatation using amplatz renal dilators. The parameters analyzed included presentation of patients, retrograde urethrography (RGU) findings, pre-and postoperative maximum flow rate (Qmax) on uroflowmetry (UF) and post-void residual urine (PVR). Patients were followed-up at 1.6 and 12 months. The technique described in this paper enables such strictures to be safely dilated after endoscopic placement of a suitable guidewire and stylet over which amplatz renal dilators are introduced. Results The mean age of the patients was 57.6 (35–72) years. The median stricture length was 0.82 (0.6–1.5)cm. Pre-operative uroflowmetry showed Qmax of 7.00 (4–12) mL/sec and ultrasonography showed PVR of 75.00 (45–195)mL. Postoperatively, Qmax improved to 18.00 (15–22)mL/sec (p<0.001) at 1 month, 17.00 (13–21)mL/sec (p<0.001) at 6 months and 15.00 (12–17)mL/sec (p<0.001) at 12 months. The post-operative PVR values were 22.50 (10–60)mL (p<0.001), 30.00 (10–70)mL (p<0.001) and 30.00 (10–70) mL (p<0.001) at 1.6 12 months, respectively. The median procedure time was 15.00 (12–22) minutes. None of the patients had a recurrence during a 12-month period of follow-up. Conclusion Urethral dilatation with amplatz renal dilators avoids the risks associated with blind dilatation techniques. This tecnique is a safe, easy, well-tolerated and cost-effective alternative for treatment of urethral strictures.

A Novel method of ensuring safe and accurate dilatation during percutaneous nephrolithotomy

ABSTRACT Objective: To report our technique that helps locate the guidewire into the ureter enabling safe dilatation during PCNL. Materials and Methods: Cases in which the guidewire failed to pass into the ureter following successful puncture of the desired calyx were subjected to this technique. A second guidewire was passed through the outer sheath of a 9 Fr. metallic dilator cannula, passed over the first guidewire. The cannula and outer sheath were removed, followed by percutaneous passage of a 6/7.5 Fr ureteroscope between the two guidewires, monitoring its progress through both the endoscopic and fluoroscopic monitors. Once the stone was visualized in the calyx a guidewire was passed through the working channel and maneuvered past the stone into the pelvis and ureter under direct endoscopic vision. This was followed by routine tract dilatation. Results: This technique was employed in 85 out of 675 cases of PCNL carried out at our institute between Jan 2010 to June 2014. The mean time required for our technique, calculated from the point of introduction of the ureteroscope untill the successful passage of the guidewire down into the ureter was 95 seconds. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications as a result of this technique. Guidewire could be successfully passed into the ureter in 82 out of 85 cases. Conclusions: Use of the ureteroscope introduced percutaneously through the puncture site in PCNL, is a safe and effective technique that helps in maneuvering the guidewire down into the ureter, which subsequently enables safe dilatation.

Traqueostomía percutánea con técnica Ciaglia Blue Rhino: experiencia en Hospital Clínico FUSAT de Rancagua / Percutaneous tracheostomy Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique: revision 2 years of experience

Introducción: La traqueostomía descrita ya hacia el 1500 AC, en las últimas décadas ha evolucionado al desarrollo de sistemas de abordaje mínimamente invasivos o percutáneos, de los cuales la técnica de Ciaglia Blue Rhino (dilatador único), es la más utilizada en la actualidad. Objetivo: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de las traqueostomías realizadas en el Hospital Clínico FUSAT de Rancagua, entre los años 2006 y 2012, con el fin de evaluar ventajas, desventajas e incidencia de complicaciones de la técnica abierta versus la técnica percutánea en nuestras manos. Material y método: Se incluyeron 64 traqueostomías consecutivas de las cuales 42 fueron percutáneas con técnica de Ciaglia Blue Rhino y el resto con técnica abierta clásica. Resultados: Al analizar los resultados encontramos ventajas de la técnica percutánea como un importante acortamiento del tiempo quirúrgico (de 45,27 minutos en la técnica clásica a 15,28 minutos promedio en la técnica percutánea), una menor incidencia de complicaciones (14% en procedimiento percutáneo versus 27% en procedimiento abierto) y una curva de aprendizaje relativamente rápida que permitió que la indicación para el procedimiento percutáneo pasara desde 68% en la primera mitad de la serie al 92% en la segunda mitad de ésta. Conclusión: Creemos que la técnica es segura en manos de otorrinolaringólogos y debería incorporarse como una herramienta más al arsenal quirúrgico de la especialidad.

Introduction: The tracheostomy described as about 1500 BC, only in recent decades has seen the development of systems for minimally invasive or percutaneous, of which the Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique (single dilator), is most often used today. Aim: We performed a retrospective study of tracheostomies performed at the FUSAT Clinical Hospital from Rancagua, between 2006 and 2012, in order to evaluate advantages, disadvantages and incidence of complications of open surgery versus percutaneous technique in our hands. Material and methods: Included 64 tracheostomies of which 42 were percutaneous Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique. Results: In analyzing the results highlights shortening surgical time from 45.27 minutes for classical technique to 15.28 minutes for percutaneous (statistically significant) in relation to complications, they showed a lower incidence in the group with percutaneous technique, the learning curve of the procedure is quick, reaching its indication in our series more than 90% of cases once acquired experience. Conclusion: We believe that the technique is safe in the hands of Otolaryngologists and should be incorporated as another tool to the arsenal surgical specialty.

Clinical Efficacy of Endoscopic Treatment for Benign Colorectal Stricture: Balloon Dilatation versus Stenting

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There has been a lack of research comparing balloon dilatation and self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement to determine which is better for long-term clinical outcomes in patients with benign colorectal strictures. We aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and complication rates of balloon dilatation and SEMS placement for benign colorectal strictures from a variety of causes. METHODS: Between January 1999 and January 2012, a total of 43 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for benign colorectal stricture (balloon only in 29 patients, SEMS only in seven patients, and both procedures in seven patients) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients underwent endoscopic balloon dilatation, representing 65 individual sessions, and 14 patients received a total of 17 SEMS placements. The initial clinical success rates were similar in both groups (balloon vs SEMS, 89.1% vs 87.5%). Although the reobstruction rates were similar in both groups (balloon vs SEMS, 54.4% vs. 57.1%), the duration of patency was significantly longer in the balloon dilatation group compared with the SEMS group (65.5+/-13.3 months vs. 2.0+/-0.6 months, p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic balloon dilatation is safe and effective as an initial treatment for benign colorectal stricture and as an alternative treatment for recurrent strictures.

Is endoscopic sphincterotomy plus large-balloon dilation a better option than endoscopic large-balloon dilation alone in removal of large bile duct stones? A retrospective comparison study.

Background: Several comparison studies have demonstrated that endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) combined with large-balloon dilation (LBD) may be a better option than EST alone to manage large bile duct stones. However, limited data were available to compare this combination method with LBD alone in removal of large bile duct stones. Objective: To compare EST plus LBD and LBD alone for the management of large bile duct stones, and analyze the outcomes of each method. Patients and Methods: Sixty-one patients were included in the EST plus LBD group, and 48 patients were included in the LBD alone group retrospectively. The therapeutic success, clinical characteristics, procedure-related parameters and adverse events were compared. Results: Compared with EST plus LBD, LBD alone was more frequently performed in patients with potential bleeding diathesis or anatomical changes (P = 0.021). The procedure time from successful cannulating to complete stone removal was shorter in the LBD alone group significantly (21.5 vs. 17.3 min, P = 0.041). The EST plus LBD group and the LBD alone group had similar outcomes in terms of overall complete stone removal (90.2% vs. 91.7%, P = 1.000) and complete stone removal without the need for mechanical lithotripsy (78.7% vs. 83.3%, P = 0.542). Massive bleeding occurred in one patient of the EST plus LBD group, and successfully coagulated. Postoperative pancreatitis did not differ significantly between the EST plus LBD group and the LBD alone group (4.9% vs. 6.3%; P = 1.000). Conclusion: Endoscopic sphincterotomy combined with LBD offers no significant advantage over LBD alone for the removal of large bile duct stones. LBD can simplify the procedure compared with EST plus LBD in terms of shorten the procedure time.

Endoscopic Papillary Large Balloon Dilation: It Is about Time We Did for a Whopper

No abstract available.

Effect of DA-9701 on Colorectal Distension-Induced Visceral Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model

BACKGROUND/AIMS: DA-9701 is a newly developed drug made from the vegetal extracts of Pharbitidis semen and Corydalis tuber. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of DA-9701 on colorectal distension (CRD)-induced visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to neonatal colon irritation (CI) using CRD at 1 week after birth (CI group). At 6 weeks after birth, CRD was applied to these rats with a pressure of 20 to 90 mm Hg, and changes in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured at baseline (i.e., without any drug administration) and after the administration of different doses of DA-9701. RESULTS: In the absence of DA-9701, the MAP changes after CRD were significantly higher in the CI group than in the control group at all applied pressures. In the control group, MAP changes after CRD were not significantly affected by the administration of DA-9701. In the CI group, however, the administration of DA-9701 resulted in a significant decrease in MAP changes after CRD. The administration of DA-9701 at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg produced a more significant decrease in MAP changes than the 0.3 mg/kg dose. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of DA-9701 resulted in a significant increase in pain threshold in rats with CRD-induced visceral hypersensitivity.